1. A disconnect between what is required by science, what has been committed to, and what actually happens on the ground.

2. Only small incremental amendments to systems are being made – these are insufficient – radical change and improvement is required.

3. Wasteful, ineffective strategies are being pursued – more ruthless evidence-based approaches are required to identify optimal solutions and scale these up rapidly.

4. Current unsustainable patterns continue – need to ensure that more sustainable practices are effectively integrated and affect technology choices and personal behaviour.

From my keynote title ‘Smart and Sustainable Built Environments in a Changing World’ in Cape Town in October 2018